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Nirad Chandra Chaudhuri (23 November 1897 – 1 August 1999) was an
Indian Bengali−English writer and man of letters. He was born in
a Hindu family in 1897 in Kishoreganj, then part of Bengal in British India, now in Bangladesh.Chaudhuri authored numerous works in English and
Bengali. His oeuvre provides a magisterial appraisal of the histories and
cultures of India, especially in the context of British colonialism in the 19th
and 20th centuries. Chaudhuri is best known for The Autobiography of an Unknown
Indian,
published in 1951. Over the course of his literary career, he received numerous
accolades for his writing. In 1966, The Continent of Circe was awarded the Duff Cooper
Memorial Award,
making Chaudhuri the first and only Indian to date to be given the prize.
The Sahitya
Akademi, India's
national Academy of Letters, awarded Chaudhuri the Sahitya Akademi Award for his biography on Max Müller, Scholar Extraordinary.
Childhood
& Early Life
·
Chaudhuri
was educated in Kishorganj and Kolkata (then, Calcutta). For his FA (school-leaving)
course he attended Ripon College in Calcutta along with the famous Bengali writer Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay. Following this, he attended Scottish Church College, Calcutta, where he studied history as his undergraduate
major. He graduated with honors in history and topped the University of Calcutta merit list. At Scottish Church College,
Calcutta, he attended the seminars of the noted historian, Professor Kalidas Nag. After graduation, he enrolled for the M.A. at the
University of Calcutta. However, he did not attend all of his final exams, and
consequently was not able to complete his M.A.
·
After
his studies, he took a position as a clerk in the Accounting Department of
the Indian Army. At the same time, he started contributing
articles to popular magazines. His first article on Bharat Chandra (a famous Bengali poet of the 18th century)
appeared in the most prestigious English magazine of the time, Modern Review.
·
Chaudhuri
left his position in the Accounting Department shortly after, and started a new
career as a journalist and editor. During this period he was a boarder in
Mirzapur Street near College Square, Kolkata, living together with the writers
Bibhuti Bhushan Banerjee and Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder. He was involved in
the editing of the then well-known English and Bengali magazines Modern
Review, Prabasi and Sonibarer Chithi. In addition, he also founded two short-lived but
highly esteemed Bengali magazines, Samasamayik and Notun
Patrika.
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Career
·
In 1938, Chaudhuri obtained a job as secretary to Sarat Chandra Bose, a political leader in the
freedom movement in India. As a result, he was able to interact with political
leaders of India: Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and the brother of Sarat Chandra Bose, Subhas Chandra Bose (also known as Netaji). A
growing familiarity with the workings of the inner circle of Indian politics
led him to be skeptical about its eventual progress, and he became
progressively disillusioned about the ability of Indian political leadership.
·
Apart from his career as a secretary, Chaudhuri continued to
contribute articles in Bengali and English to newspapers and magazines. He was
also appointed as a political commentator on the Kolkata branch of the All India Radio. In 1941, he started working for the Delhi Branch of
the All India Radio.
·
Chaudhuri was a prolific writer even in the very last years
of his life, publishing his last work at the age of 99. His wife Amiya
Chaudhuri died in 1994 in Oxford, England. He too died in Oxford, three months short of his
102nd birthday, in 1999. He lived at 20 Lathbury Roadfrom 1982 until his death
and a blue plaque was installed by the Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board in 2008.
Major
Works
·His masterpiece, The
Autobiography of an Unknown Indian (ISBN 0-201-15576-1), published in 1951, put him on
the long list of great Indian writers. The dedication, which was actually a
mock-imperial rhetoric, infuriated many Indians, particularly the political and
bureaucratic establishment. "The wogs took the bait and having read only
dedication sent up howls of protest", commented Chaudhuri's friend, editor,
historian and novelist, Khushwant Singh. Chaudhuri was hounded out of government service,
deprived of his pension, blacklisted as a writer in India and forced to live a
life of penury.
·In 1955, the British Council and the BBC jointly made arrangements to take Chaudhuri to
England for eight weeks. He was asked to contribute lectures to the BBC, and
wrote eight of these. His impressions of England and Europe were later
collected in A Passage to England. The Continent of Circe, published in 1965, traces
Chaudhuri's doggedly independent-minded ideas on the social, geo-political, and
historical aspects of sub-continental India across millennia. An extended
sequel to his famous autobiography, titled Thy Hand, Great Anarch! was published in 1988. His
last book Three Horsemen of the New Apocalypse, published in 1997, coincided
with his hundredth year.
Personal
Life & Legacy
·
Chaudhuri was also deeply distressed by what he saw as the
deep hypocrisy in Bengali social life and in particular those that resulted
from class and caste distinctions. His historical
research revealed to him that the rigid Victorianesque morality of middle class
Bengali women was a socially enforced construct, that had less to do with
religion, choice and judgment, but more to do with upbringing, social acceptance and
intergenerational transference of values.
·
Honours
·DLitt from Oxford
University in
1990.
·Sahitya Akademi award in 1975.
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