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Mahasweta Devi (14 January 1926 – 28 July
2016) was an Indian Bengali fiction writer and social activist. Her notable
literary works include Hajar Churashir Maa, Rudali, and Aranyer
Adhikar. She worked for the rights and empowerment of the tribal
people (Lodha and Shabar) of West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states of India. She was honoured with various literary awards such as
the Sahitya Akademi Award (in Bengali), Jnanpith Award and Ramon Magsaysay Award along with India's civilian
awards Padma Shri and Padma Vibhushan.
Childhood & Early Life
· Mahasweta Devi was born in 1926 in
Decca, British India (now Dhaka, Bangladesh) to literary parents. Her father, Manish Ghatak, was a well-known poet and novelist of the Kallolmovement, who used the pseudonym
Jubanashwa. Ghatak's brother was noted filmmaker Ritwik Ghatak. Devi's mother, Dharitri Devi, was also a writer
and a social worker whose brothers were very distinguished in various fields,
such as the noted sculptor Sankha Chaudhury and the founder-editor of Economic
and Political Weekly of India, Sachin Chaudhury.
· Mahasweta Devi's first schooling
was in Dhaka, Eden Montessori school (1930) but after the partition of India
she moved to West Bengal in India. Then she studied in Midnapur Mission
School(1935). After that she admitted in Santiniketan from 1936 to 1938. After
that she studied in Beltala Girls' School (1939-1941) and got metric. Then in
1944 she got I.A. from Asutosh College. Then she joined the Rabindranath Tagore-founded Patha-Bhavana Vishvabharati University in Santiniketan and completed a B.A. (Hons) in English, and then
finished an M.A. in English at Calcutta University.
Career
·
Devi wrote over 100 novels and over 20 collections of short
stories primarily written in Bengali but often translated to other languages.[10] Her first novel,
titled Jhansir Rani, based on a biography of Rani of Jhansiwas published in 1956. She toured the Jhansi region to record information from the people and
folk songs for the novel.
·
In 1964, she began teaching at Jadavpur, Kolkata-32 (an affiliated college of
the University of Calcuttasystem). During those days,
Vijaygarh jyotish Ray College was an institution for working-class women
students. During that period she also worked as a journalist and as a creative
writer. She studied the Lodhasand Shabars, the tribal
communities of West Bengal, women and dalits. In her elaborate Bengali fiction, she often depicted
the brutal oppression of tribal peoples and the untouchables by potent,
authoritarian upper-caste landlords, lenders, and venal government officials.
·
Mahasweta Devi raised her voice several times against the
discrimination of tribal people in India. In June 2016, the Jharkhand State Government freed the statue of noted
tribal leader Birsa Munda upon Devi's activism. The statue showed Birsa in
chains as was photographed by the then ruling British government. Her 1977
novel Aranyer Adhikar was on the life of Munda.
Major
Works
· Devi
spearheaded the movement against the industrial policy of the earlier Communist Party of India (Marxist) government
of West Bengal. Specifically, she stridently criticized confiscation of large
tracts of fertile agricultural land from farmers by the government and ceding
the land to industrial houses at throwaway prices. she supported the
candidature of Mamata Banarjee in
the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election that
resulted in the end of the 34-year long rule of CPI(M).
· She
had connected the policy to the commercialization of Santiniketan of Rabindranath
Tagore, where she spent her formative years. Her lead in
the Nandigram
agitation resulted in a number of intellectuals, artists, writers
and theatre workers joining together in protest of the controversial policy and
particularly its implementation in Singur and Nandigram.
· At
the Frankfurt
Book Fair 2006, when India was the first country to be the
Fair's second time guest nation, she made an impassioned inaugural speech
wherein she moved the audience to tears with her lines taken from the famous
film song "Mera Joota
Hai Japani" by Raj Kapoor.
Awards
& Achievements
·
1979: Sahitya Akademi Award (Bengali): – Aranyer Adhikar (novel)
·
1986: Padma
Shri for
Social Work
·
1996: Jnanpith
Award – the
highest literary award from the Bharatiya Jnanpith
·
1997: Ramon Magsaysay Award – Journalism, Literature, and the Creative
Communication Arts for
"compassionate crusade through art and activism to claim for tribal
peoples a just and honorable place in India’s national life."
·
2006: Padma
Vibhushan –
the second highest civilian award from the Government of India
·
2007: SAARC Literary Award
·
2009:
Shortlisted for the Man Booker International Prize
·
2010:
Yashwantrao Chavan National Award
·
2011: Banga
Bibhushan –
the highest civilian award from the Government of West Bengal
Personal
Life & Legacy
·
On 27 February in 1947, she married renowned playwright Bijon Bhattacharya, who was one of the founding
fathers of the Indian
People's Theatre Association movement. In 1948, she gave birth to Nabarun Bhattacharya, who became a novelist and
political critic. She worked in a post office but was fired from there for
her communist leaning.[9] She went on to do various
jobs, such as selling soaps and writing letters in English for illiterate
people. In 1962, she married author Asit Gupta after divorcing Bhattacharya. After
that she broke up relationship with Gupta in 1976.
·
On 23 July 2016, Devi suffered a major heart attack and was admitted to Belle Vue Clinic in Kolkata. Devi died of multiple organ failure on 28 July 2016, aged
90. She also suffered from diabetes, septicemia and urinary infection.
·
On her death, Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister of West Bengal tweeted "India has
lost a great writer. Bengal has lost a glorious mother. I have lost a personal
guide. Mahasweta Di rest in peace." Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted "Mahashweta Devi wonderfully
illustrated the might of the pen. A voice of compassion, equality &
justice, she leaves us deeply saddened. RIP."
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