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Raja Rao (8 November 1908 – 8 July
2006) was an Indian writer of English-language novels and short stories, whose
works are deeply rooted in Metaphysics. The Serpent and the Rope (1960), a semi-autobiographical novel recounting a search for
spiritual truth in Europe and India, established him as one of the finest Indian
prose stylists and won him the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1964. For the entire body
of his work, Rao was awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature in 1988. Rao's wide-ranging
body of work, spanning a number of genres, is seen as a varied and significant
contribution to Indian English literature, as well as World literature as a
whole.
Childhood
& Early Life
·
Raja
Rao was born on November 8, 1908 in Hassan, in the princely state of Mysore (now in Karnataka in South India), into a Smartha Brahmin family of the Hoysala
Karnatakacaste.
He was the eldest of 9 siblings, having seven sisters and a brother named
Yogeshwara Ananda. His father, H.V. Krishnaswamy, taught Kannada, the native language of Karnataka, at Nizam College in Hyderabad. His mother, Gauramma, was a homemaker who died
when Raja Rao was 4 years old.
·
The
death of his mother, when he was four, left a lasting impression on the
novelist – the absence of a mother and orphanhood are recurring themes in his
work. Another influence from early life was his grandfather, with whom he lived
in Hassan and Harihalli or Harohalli).
·
Rao
was educated at a Muslim school, the Madarsa-e-Aliya in Hyderabad.
After matriculation in 1927, Rao studied for his degree at
Nizam's College. at the Osmania University, where he became friends with Ahmad Ali. He began learning French. After graduating from
the University of Madras, having majored in English and history, he won the
Asiatic Scholarship of the Government of Hyderabad in 1929, for study abroad.
·
Rao
moved to the University of Montpellier in France. He studied French language and
literature, and later at the Sorbonne in Paris, he explored the Indian influence on
Irish literature. He married Camille Mouly, who taught French at Montpellier,
in 1931. The marriage lasted until 1939. Later he depicted the breakdown of
their marriage in The Serpent and the Rope. Rao published his first
stories in French and English. During 1931–32 he contributed four articles
written in Kannada for Jaya Karnataka, an
influential journal.
Career
·
Returning to India in 1939, he edited with Iqbal Singh, Changing
India, an anthology of modern Indian thought from Ram Mohan Roy to Jawaharlal Nehru. He participated in the Quit India Movement of 1942. In 1943–1944 he
co-edited with Ahmad Ali a journal from Bombay called Tomorrow. He was the prime
mover in the formation of a cultural organisation, Sri Vidya Samiti,
devoted to reviving the values of ancient Indian civilisation; this
organisation failed shortly after inception. In Bombay, he was also associated
with Chetana, a cultural society for the propagation of Indian
thought and values.
·
Rao's involvement in the nationalist movement is reflected in
his first two books. The novel Kanthapura (1938) was an
account of the impact of Gandhi's teaching on nonviolentresistance against the British. The story is seen from the
perspective of a small Mysore village in South India. Rao borrows the style and
structure from Indian vernacular tales and folk-epic. Rao returned to the theme
of Gandhism in the short story collection The Cow of the Barricades (1947). The
Serpent and the Rope (1960) was written after a long silence during
which Rao returned to India. The work dramatised the relationships between
Indian and Western culture. The serpent in the title refers to illusion and the
rope to reality. Cat and Shakespeare (1965) was a metaphysical comedy that answered philosophical questions posed in
the earlier novels.
·
Rao
relocated to the United States and was Professor of Philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin from 1966 to 1986, when he retired as
Emeritus Professor. Courses he taught included Marxism to Gandhism,
Mahayana Buddhism, Indian philosophy: The Upanishads, Indian philosophy: The
Metaphysical Basis of the Male and Female Principle, and Razor's Edge.
·
In
1965, he married Katherine Jones, an American stage actress. They had one son,
Christopher Rama. In 1986, after his divorce from Katherine, Rao married his
third wife, Susan Vaught, whom he met when she was a student at the University
of Texas in the 1970s. In 1988 he received the prestigious International
Neustadt Prize for Literature. In 1998 he published Gandhi's biography Great Indian Way: A
Life of Mahatma Gandhi.
·
Rao
died of heart failure on 8 July 2006, at his home in Austin, Texas, at the age
of 97.
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Major
Works
·Raja Rao's first and best-known novel, Kanthapura (1938),
is the story of a south Indian village named Kanthapura. The novel is narrated
in the form of a purana by an old woman of the village, Achakka. Dominant
castes like Brahmins are privileged to get the best region of the
village, while lower casts such as Pariahs are marginalized. Despite this classist system, the village retains
its long-cherished traditions of festivals in which all castes interact and the
villagers are united. The village is believed to be protected by a local deity
named Kenchamma.
·The main character of the novel, Moorthy, is a young Brahmin who leaves for the city to study,
where he becomes familiar with Gandhian philosophy. He begins living a Gandhian
lifestyle, wearing home-spun khaddar and discarded foreign clothes and speaking out
against the caste system. This causes the village priest to turn against
Moorthy and excommunicate him. Heartbroken to hear this, Moorthy's mother
Narasamma dies. After this, Moorthy starts living with an educated widow,
Rangamma, who is active in India’s independence movement.
Personal
Life & Legacy
·
Moorthy is then invited by Brahmin clerks at the Skeffington
coffee estate to create an awareness of Gandhian teachings among the pariah
coolies. When Moorthy arrives, he is beaten by the policeman Bade Khan, but the
coolies stand up for Moorthy and beat Bade Khan - an action for which they are
then thrown out of the estate. Moorthy continues his fight against injustice
and social inequality and becomes a staunch ally of Gandhi. Although he is
depressed over the violence at the estate, he takes responsibility and goes on
a three-day fast and emerges morally elated. A unit of the independence
committee is then formed in Kanthapura, with the office bearers vowing to
follow Gandhi’s teachings under Moorthy's leadership.
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House No.20, Nagamma Layout, Kullappa Circle, Nehru Main Road,
Near Om Shakthi Temple, Bangalore, Karnataka - 560084.
Near Om Shakthi Temple, Bangalore, Karnataka - 560084.
Mob : +91 - 99633 34337
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