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Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr
An American historian, educator and public official, Arthur M Schlesinger
was one of the influential personalities, who explored the history of
20th-century American liberalism. A graduate from Harvard University, he
started his career working in the Office of the Strategic Services. It was
while working at the OSS that he pursued a literary career side by side and
came out with the work, ‘The Age of Jackson’, for which he received a Pulitzer
Prize. Politically active, he started off by working as a speechwriter for
Adlai Stevenson and soon became an ardent supporter of the Kennedy
administration. During the John F Kennedy’s regime, he held prestigious
position as a special assistant to the President. Later on, he wrote a book
which gave a detailed account of the Kennedy Administration and his service as
an adviser. Titled ‘A Thousand Days’, the book earned him a second Pulitzer
Prize. He also continued to serve as an academician - working as the Albert
Schweitzer Professor of the Humanities at The Graduate Center of The City
University of New York until 1994.
Childhood & Early Life
· Arthur M
Schlesinger was born to Elizabeth Harrietand Arthur M. Schlesinger in Columbus,
Ohio. His father was a social historian at the Ohio State University and
Harvard University.
· He received his
primary education from Philips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire and later on
attended the Harvard University where he received his first degree at the age
of 20. In 1938, he graduated with a summa cum laude.
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Career
§ Two years later, in 1940 he was appointed to a three
year fellowship at the Harvard. However, he could not continue in the same as
he was called for military duties during World War II.
§ Medically unfit, he
took up a position at the Office of War Information in 1942. Starting 1943, he
served as an intelligence analyst at the Office of Strategic Services until
1945.
§ It was while
working at the Office of Strategic Services that he used his free time to pen
the book, ‘The Age of Jackson’. The book became popular and earned him a
Pulitzer Prize.
§ From 1946, he
served as an Associate Professor at Harvard, a position which he continued to
serve until 1954 when he became a full time professor. Interestingly, what made
him special from other professors at Harvard was that he attained the position
without having earned a PhD degree. He continued his professorship until 1961.
§ Meanwhile, in 1947,
he pursued his political interest by founding the Americans for the Democratic
Action society together with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Minneapolis mayor
and future Senator and Vice President Hubert Humphrey, and economist and
long-time friend John Kenneth Galbraith.
§ For the 1952
presidential elections, he served as the speechwriter and supporter of the
Governor Adlai E Stevenson of Illinois. For a year, from 1953 to 1954, he
served as the national chairman of Association of Democratic Action.
§ He did not let go
off his literary career completely and penned quite a few books, such as ‘The
Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom’, ‘What About Communism’, ‘The General
and the President and the Future of American Foreign Policy’, ‘The Crisis of
the Old Order’ and ‘The Coming of the New Deal’.
§ For the 1956
election, he worked on Stevenson's campaign staff, supporting John F. Kennedy
as Stevenson's vice-presidential running mate. He shared a cordial relationship
with Kennedy since the Harvard days which only strengthened by time. However,
the result of the election did not come in favour of Kennedy.
§ He left the
Stevenson camp in 1960 to offer his support to the Kennedy administration. At
the time of campaigning, he served as a speechwriter, speaker, and member of
the ADA.
§ To emphasize on his
support for the Kennedy administration, he even penned a book entitled,
‘Kennedy or Nixon: Does it Make a Difference?’ In the book, he highlighted the
capabilities of the Kennedy administration and sneered at and belittled Richard
M. Nixon.
§ With the
appointment of John F Kennedy as the US President, he was offered the position
of an ambassadorship and Assistant Secretary of State for Cultural Relations.
To accept the same, he relieved himself from his duties at the Harvard
University and was appointed Special Assistant to the President
§ During his term in
the White House, his work was mainly centred on the Latin American affairs. He
even worked as a speechwriter for the Kennedy regime. During the Cuban crisis,
he ardently opposed the Bay of Pigs Invasion but did not voice his opinion at
the party meetings.
§ Post the
assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, he resigned from his position of
Special Assistant the following year. In 1965, he wrote a memoir of the Kennedy
administration titled, ‘A Thousand Days: John F Kennedy in the White House’
which earned him his second Pulitzer Prize.
§ Returning to the
career of an academician yet again in 1966, he served as the Albert Schweitzer
Professor of the Humanities at The Graduate Center of The City University of
New York.
§ He continued to
pursue his literary career as a specialist in American history, exploring the
history of American liberalism of the 20th century. He penned numerous books
including ‘The MacArthur Controversy and American Foreign Policy’, ‘Bitter
Heritage: Vietnam and American Democracy’, ‘Congress and the Presidency: Their
Role in Modern Times’, ‘Violence: America in the Sixties’, ‘The Crisis of
Confidence: Ideas, Power, and Violence in America’ and ‘The Origins of the Cold
War’.
§ Meanwhile, he did
not give up on his political activities. A Kennedy loyalist, he served as the
speechwriter for Robert Kennedy administration during the 1968 presidential
campaign. In 1980, he supported Senator Ethel Kennedy and was active in the
presidential campaign of Ted Kennedy. He even wrote a biography of Robert
Kennedy, titled, ‘Robert Kennedy and His Times’.
§ In 1986, influenced
by his father’s work on cycles, he came up with the book entitled, ‘The Cycles
of American History’. The work was one of the first to highlight the cycle in
politics in the United States.
§ Two years later, he came up with his work titled,
‘JFK Remembered’, which was a tribute to John F Kennedy. This was followed by
‘War and the Constitution: Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D Roosevelt’ and
‘Cleopatra, New York: Chelsea House’.
§ In 1993, he
released his popular work, ‘The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a
Multicultural Society’ in which he openly opposed multiculturalism practiced in
the 1980s. The following year, he retired from teaching but remained active
politically and literarily.
§ In 2003, he
actively criticized the Iraq War and blamed media for not telecasting a
reasoned case against the war. The following year, he came up with his last
literary work ‘War and the American Presidency’.
Awards & Achievements
§ He won the Pulitzer
Prize twice for his works, ‘The Age of Jackson’ and ‘A Thousand Days’
respectively.
§ His book, ‘The
Crisis of the Old Order’ won him two awards - Bancroft Prize and Francis
Parkman Prize.
§ He won the National
Book Award in History and Biography for ‘A Thousand Days’ and National Book
Award in Biography for ‘Robert Kennedy and His Times’.
§ He was the proud
recipient of National Humanities Medal, Four Freedoms Award and Paul Peck
Award. In 2006, he was awarded a medal by Elmhurst College for epitomizing the
ideals of Reinhold and H. Richard Niebuhr
Personal Life & Legacy
§ He first married
author Marian Cannon in 1940 with whom he was blessed with four children. After
thirty years of togetherness, the couple filed for divorce in 1970.
§ In 1971, he tied
the nuptial knot yet again with Alexandra Emmet. The couple was blessed with a
son. He also had a step son from Emmet’s first marriage.
§ Throughout his
life, he revelled having several friends who were influential personalities in
their own right. His friends were mostly from a wide background, such as
politicians, actors, writers and artists.
§ He breathed his
last on February 28, 2007 due to cardiac arrest. At the time of his death, he
was dining out with family members in Manhattan.
§ Two of his works
were published posthumously.
Trivia
§ Two times Pulitzer
Prize winner, this American historian served as a special assistant to John F
Kennedy during the latter’s period of Presidency.
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