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Romesh Chunder Dutt, (August 13, 1848 – November
30, 1909) was an Indian civil servant, economic historian, writer, and translator of Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Childhood
& Early Life
·
Dutt was born into a distinguished Bengali Kayastha family well known for its members' literary
and academic achievements. His parents were Thakamani and Isam Chunder Dutt,
a Deputy Collector in Bengal, whom Romesh often accompanied on
official duties. He was educated in various Bengali District schools, then at Hare School, Calcutta.
·
After his father's untimely death in a boat
accident in eastern Bengal, his uncle, Shoshee Chunder Dutt, an accomplished
writer, became his guardian in 1861. He commenting on his uncle, wrote,
"He used to sit at night with us and our favorite study used to be pieces
from the works of the English poets." He was a relative of Toru Dutt, one of nineteenth century Bengal's most prominent
poets.
·
He
entered the University of Calcutta, Presidency College in 1864. He passed the First Arts examination
in 1866, ranking second in order of merit and won a scholarship. While still a
student in the B.A. class, without his family's permission, he and two other
friends, Behari LalGupta and Surendranath Banerjee, left for England in 1868.
·
At
that time, only one other Indian, Satyendra Nath Tagore, had qualified for the Indian Civil Service. Dutt aimed to emulate Tagore's feat. For a long
time, before and after 1853, the year the ICS examination was introduced in
England, only British officers were appointed to covenanted posts.
·
At University College London, Dutt continued to study British writers. He
qualified for the Indian Civil Service in the open examination in
1869, taking third place. He was called to the bar by the Honourable
Society of the Middle Temple on 6 June 1871.
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Career
·
He entered the Indian Civil Service as an assistant magistrate
of Alipur in 1871. A famine in Meherpur, District of Nadia in 1874 and another in
Dakhin Shahbazpur (Bhola District) in 1876, followed by a disastrous cyclone, required emergency
relief and economic recovery operations, which Dutt managed successfully.
·
He served as administrator for Backerganj, Mymensingh, Burdwan, Donapur, and Midnapore. He became Burdwan's District Officer in 1893,
Commissioner (offtg.) of Burdwan Division in 1894, and Divisional
Commissioner (offtg.) for Orissa in 1895. Dutt was the first Indian to attain the
rank of divisional commissioner.
·
Dutt retired from the ICS in 1897. In 1898 he returned to
England as a lecturer in Indian History at University College, London where he
completed his famous thesis on economic nationalism. He returned to India as
dewan of Baroda State, a post he had been offered before he left for
Britain.
·
He was extremely popular in Baroda where the Maharaja, Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad
III and his family members and all other staff members used to call
him the Babu Dewan, as a mark of personal respect. In 1907, he also became a
member of the Royal
Commission on Indian Decentralisation.
Major
Works
·
He was president of the Indian National Congress in 1899. He was also a
member of the Bengal Legislative Council.
·
He served as the first president of Bangiya Sahitya Parishad in 1894, while Rabindranath Tagore and Navinchandra Sen were the vice-presidents of the society.
·
His The Literature of Bengal presented
"a connected story of literary and intellectual progress in Bengal"
over eight centuries, commencing with the early Sanskrit poetry of Jayadeva. It traced Chaitanya's religious reforms of the
sixteenth century, Raghunatha Siromani's school of formal logic, and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's brilliance, coming down to the
intellectual progress of the nineteenth century.
·
This was presented by
Thacker, Spink & Co. in Calcutta and Archibald Constable in London in 1895,
but it had formed earlier in Dutt's mind while he managed famine relief and
economic recovery operations in Dakhin Shahbazpur. It had appeared originally
under the disguise of an assumed name in 1877. It was dedicated to his esteemed
uncle, Rai Shashi Chandra Dutt Bahadur.
Personal
Life & Legacy
·
He was a major economic historian of India of the nineteenth
century. His thesis on deindustrialization of India remains forceful argument
in Indian historiography.
·
He also directed attention to the deepening internal
differentiation of Indian society appearing in the abrupt articulation of local
economies with the world market, accelerated urban-rural polarisation, the
division between intellectual and manual labour, and the toll of recurrent
devastating famines.
·
While still in office, he died in Baroda at the age of 61 on
30 November 1909.
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