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A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
was a prominent Indian scientist who served as the 11th President of India from
2002 to 2007. Renowned for his pivotal role in the nation’s civilian space
programme and military missile development, he was known as the Missile Man of
India. He made significant contributions to India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in
1998 which established him as a national hero. An alumnus of the prestigious
Madras Institute of Technology, Kalam began his career as a scientist at the
Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development
Organization (DRDO). He was later transferred to the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO) where he served as the project director of India's first
Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III). He eventually rejoined DRDO and became
closely involved in India’s space programme. he served as the Chief Scientific
Adviser to the Prime Minister in the 1990s before becoming the President of
India in 2002. Immensely popular during his term, he earned the moniker of
People's President. He was honored with several awards including the Bharat
Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, for his contribution to the nation’s
space and nuclear programme.
Childhood & Early Life
· He was born as Avul
Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam on 15 October 1931 into a Muslim family in
Rameswaram, then in the Madras Presidency in British India, and now in the
state of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabudeen was a boat owner while his mother
Ashiamma was a housewife. Kalam had four elder siblings.
· Even though his
ancestors had been wealthy traders, the family had lost most of its fortunes by
the 1920s and was poverty-stricken by the time Kalam was born. As a young boy
he had to sell newspapers in order to add to the family’s meager income.
· Even though the
family was not financially well-off, the children were raised in an atmosphere
filled with love. In one of the books which Kalam wrote decades later, he
fondly remembered how his mother would lovingly feed her own quota of food to
the children and go hungry herself.
· He was a good
student and always curious to learn more about how things happened. When he was
ten years old, one of his teachers, Siva Subramania Iyer, took the students to
the seashore and asked them to observe the birds in flight.
· Then the teacher
gave the children a theoretical explanation, which coupled with the live
practical example, cast a deep influence on young Kalam’s mind. That very day
the boy realized that his life’s calling had something to do with flight.
· After completing
his studies at Schwartz Higher Secondary School, he enrolled at Saint Joseph's
College, Tiruchirappalli, graduating in science in 1954. Pursuing his childhood
dream, he travelled to Madras to study aerospace engineering in Madras
Institute of Technology.
· During his third
year, he was assigned a project to design a low-level attack aircraft together
with a few other students. The project was a difficult one and on top of it,
their guide gave them a very tight deadline. The young men toiled together,
working under immense pressure, and finally managed to achieve the target
within the stipulated deadline. The guide was thoroughly impressed by Kalam’s
dedication.
· At this juncture,
Kalam aspired to become a fighter pilot. However he could not realize this
dream.
Career As A Scientist
§ A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
earned his degree from Madras Institute of Technology in 1957 and joined the
Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist in 1958.
§ In the early 1960s,
he worked with the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR)
under the renowned space scientist Vikram Sarabhai. He also designed a small
hovercraft at DRDO.
§ He visited NASA's
Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia; Goddard Space Flight Center in
Greenbelt, Maryland; and Wallops Flight Facility in 1963-64. Inspired by this
visit, he began working on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO
in 1965.
§ However, he was not
much satisfied with his work at DRDO and was happy to be transferred to the
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969. There he served as the
project director of the SLV-III, India’s first indigenously designed and
produced satellite launch vehicle.
§ In the 1970s, he
began making efforts to develop the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).
Developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites
into Sun-synchronous orbits, the nation’s PSLV project was an eventual success;
it was first launched on 20 September 1993.
§ A.P.J. Kalam also
directed several other projects, including Project Devil, in the 1970s. Project
Devil was an early liquid-fueled missile project aimed at producing a
short-range surface-to-air missile. The project was not a success in the
long-term and was discontinued in the 1980s. However it led to the later
development of the Prithvi missile in the 1980s.
§ He was also
involved with the Project Valiant which aimed at the development of
intercontinental ballistic missile. Similar to Project Devil, this project too
was not a success in itself but played a role in the development of the Prithvi
missile later on.
§ In the early 1980s,
the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), an Indian Ministry
of Defence programme managed by the DRDO in partnership with other government
organizations was launched. Kalam was asked to lead the project and thus he
returned to DRDO as the Chief Executive of the IGMDP in 1983.
§ The programme,
which received tremendous political support, aimed at the concurrent
development of four projects: Short range surface-to-surface missile
(code-named Prithvi), Short range low-level surface-to-air missile (code-named
Trishul), Medium range surface-to-air missile (code-named Akash) and
Third-generation anti-tank missile (code-named Nag).
§ The IGMDP, under
the able leadership of Kalam proved to be a resounding success and produced a
number of successful missiles including the first Prithvi missile in 1988, and
the Agni missile in 1989. Due to his achievements as the director of the IGMDP,
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam earned the nickname of “Missile Man.”
§ His increasing
involvement with governmental agencies led to his appointment as the Scientific
Adviser to the Defense Minister in 1992. In 1999, he was appointed as the
Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India with the rank of
cabinet minister.
§ In the late 1990s,
he played a major role in conducting the Pokhran-II, a series of five nuclear
bomb test explosions at the Indian Army's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998.
Following the success of these tests which elevated Kalam to the status of a
national hero, the then-Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee declared India a
full-fledged nuclear state.
§ In addition to
being a brilliant scientist, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was also a visionary. In 1998,
he proposed a countrywide plan called Technology Vision 2020 to serve as an
action plan to make India a developed nation by the year 2020. He put forward
several suggestions, including nuclear empowerment, technological innovations,
and improved agricultural productivity to achieve the same.
§ In 2002, the
National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed
its decision to nominate A.P.J. Abdul Kalam for the President of India to
succeed outgoing President K.R. Narayanan. Both the Samajwadi Party and the
Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy. Kalam, being a popular
national figure, easily won the presidential election.
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Tenure As President of India
§ A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
assumed office as the 11th President of India on 25 July 2002, becoming the
first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan. Over the
course of his five-year term, he remained committed to his vision of
transforming India into a developed nation and thus spent a lot of time
conducting one-on-one meetings with young people to inspire them to achieve
their best.
§ He proved to be
very popular with the citizens of the country and became known as the “People’s
President.’ He was however criticized for not taking any concrete actions on
the mercy petitions of convicts on death row submitted to him during his
tenure. Out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him, he acted on only one
plea in his five-year tenure.
§ In 2007, he decided
not to contest the Presidential election again and stepped down as the
President on 25 July 2007.
Post Presidency
§ A.P.J Abdul Kalam
ventured into the academic field after leaving office. He became a visiting
professor at several reputed institutions including the Indian Institute of
Management Shillong, the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, and the
Indian Institute of Management Indore. Interacting with bright young minds was
what he loved the most and he devoted the later years of his career to this
passion.
§ The post presidency
years also saw him teaching information technology at the International
Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, and technology at Banaras Hindu
University and Anna University. He also served as the chancellor of the Indian
Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram.
§ In 2012, he
launched a programme called 'What Can I Give Movement’ to develop a “giving”
attitude in the youth and to encourage them to contribute towards nation
building by taking small but positive steps.
Awards & Achievements
§ Kalam was the proud
recipient of Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna awards from the
Government of India. He received the same in the years 1981, 1990 and 1997, respectively.
§ In 1997, he was
honored by the Government of India with the Indira Gandhi Award for National
Integration.
§ Later, the next
year, he was awarded the Veer Savarkar Award by the Government of India.
§ The Alwars Research
Centre, Chennai, bestowed Kalam with Ramanujan Award in the year 2000.
§ Kalam was honored
with the King Charles II Medal by the Royal Society, U.K in 2007.
§ In 2008, he won the
Hoover Medal given by ASME Foundation, USA.
§ In 2008, he won the
Hoover Medal given by ASME Foundation, USA.
§ The California
Institute of Technology, U.S.A, presented Kalam with the International von
Karman Wings Award in the year 2009.
§ The IEEE honored
Kalam with IEEE Honorary Membership in 2011.
§ Kalam was the proud
recipient of honorary doctorates from 40 universities.
§ In addition to
this, Kalam's 79th birthday was recognised as World Students' Day by United
Nations.
§ He was nominated
for the MTV Youth Icon of the Year award in 2003 and in 2006.
Personal Life & Legacy
§ A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
was the youngest child in a close knit family. He was very close to his
parents, especially his mother, and had loving relationships with all of his
four elder siblings.
§ He never married.
Throughout his life he maintained close ties with his siblings and their
extended families. A benevolent soul, he often sent money to his elderly
relatives.
§ He was a very
simple person who lived an unpretentious lifestyle. He owned a few
possessions—including his beloved veena and collection of books. He didn’t even
have a television! A kind hearted man, he was a vegetarian and consumed simple
food.
§ A devout Muslim, he
had been raised with strict Islamic customs. He respected all religions and was
well-versed in Hindu traditions in addition to his Islamic practices. He not
only read the namaz daily and fasted during Ramadan, but also regularly read
the Bhagavad Gita.
§ He remained active
till the very end. While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of
Management Shillong on 27 July 2015, he collapsed and was rushed to the Bethany
Hospital. He was confirmed dead of a cardiac arrest at 7:45 pm. The Government of India declared a seven-day state mourning
period as a mark of respect.
§ His body was then
flown first to Delhi, then to Madurai, and finally to Rameswaram where he was
laid to rest at Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours on 30 July 2015. His
last rites were attended by over 350,000 including the Prime Minister, and the
chief ministers of Karnataka,
§ Kerala and Andhra
Pradesh.
Top 10 Facts You Did Not Know About A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
§ A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
grew up in poverty and distributed newspapers as a young boy to contribute to
his father’s meager income.
§ He was a protégé of
the great Indian scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai who guided him and gave him
valuable advice.
§ He always faced the
press following failed tests at ISRO and accepted responsibility for his
mistakes but never claimed the credit for any of the massive successes achieved
at the organization.
§ He was the first
bachelor to become the president and occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.
§ Kalam was the third
President of India to have been honored with a Bharat Ratna before being
elected to the office of President.
§ He was known to
write his own thank you cards with personalized messages in his own
handwriting.
§ He was a scholar of
Thirukkural (a classic of couplets or Kurals) and was known to quote at least
one couplet in most of his speeches.
§ He had a keen
interest in literature and wrote poems in his native Tamil.
§ A practicing
Muslim, he was also well versed with Hindu traditions and read the Bhagavad
Gita.
§ He had more than a
million followers on Twitter but followed only 38 people.
Books By Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
§ India 2020: A
Vision for the New Millennium (co-authored with Yagnaswami Sundara Rajan, 1998)
§ Wings of Fire: An
Autobiography (1999)
§ Ignited Minds:
Unleashing the Power Within India (2002)
§ The Luminous Sparks
(2004)
§ Inspiring Thoughts
(2007)
§ You Are Born To
Blossom: Take My Journey Beyond (co-authored with Arun Tiwari, 2011)
§ Turning Points: A
journey Through Challenges (2012)
§ A Manifesto for
Change: A Sequel to India 2020 (co-authored with V. Ponraj, 2014)
§ Transcendence: My
Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji (co-authored with Arun Tiwari, 2015)
Books On Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
§ Eternal Quest: Life
and Times of Dr Kalam by S Chandra, 2002
§ President A P J
Abdul Kalam by R K Pruthi, 2002
§ A P J Abdul Kalam:
The Visionary of India by K Bhushan and G Katyal, 2002
§ The Kalam Effect:
My Years with the President by P M Nair, 2008
§ My Days With
Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr A K George, 2009
Guruji. A. Sivaguru Swamy
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