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Ernest Rutherford
Ernest
Rutherford was a New Zealand physicist popularly known as the father of nuclear
physics. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 “for his
investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of
radioactive substances.” He established the fact that radioactivity involved
the nuclear transformation of one chemical element to another. He also identified
and named the Alpha and Beta radiations. He named the Gamma rays as well. The
Rutherford model of the atom was introduced when he theorized that atoms have
their charge concentrated in a very small nucleus. He conducted experiments
that resulted in the first ‘splitting’ of the atom in 1917; during the process
he discovered and named the proton. Under his supervision as the Director of
the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, his associate James
Chadwick proved his theorization of neutrons and soon after, the first
experiment to split the nucleus in a fully controlled manner was conducted by
his students, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton. He was admitted to the Order of
Merit in 1925, and was raised to the peerage as Lord Rutherford of Nelson in
1931. The chemical element 104 - Rutherfordium has been named after him.
Childhood & Early Life
· Ernest
Rutherford was born on 30 August 1871 at Spring Grove, New Zealand to James
Rutherford, a Scottish emigrant farmer and Martha Thompson, an English emigrant
schoolteacher. He was the fourth of a dozen children, and the second son.
· He initially
studied at Havelock School and at the age of 16, entered Nelson Collegiate
School. Later in 1889, he won a University scholarship and joined Canterbury College,
University of New Zealand, Wellington. He was a bright student and took
interest in debates and rugby.
· In 1893, he
received a double first M.A. degree in Mathematics and Physical Science.
Thereafter, he carried on his research work at the college for a brief period
of time before receiving his B.Sc. degree in 1894.
· In 1894, he
also received an ‘1851 Research Fellowship’ from the ‘Royal Commission for the
Exhibition of 1851’ that helped him to pursue post-graduate studies as a
research scholar under J.J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of
Cambridge.
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Career
§ Under the
supervision of J. J. Thomson at Cambridge, Ernest Rutherford invented a
detector for electromagnetic waves. He managed to detect radio waves at half a
mile; a ground-breaking achievement at that point of time. In 1897, he received
his B.A. Research Degree and the Coutts-Trotter Studentship of Trinity College.
§ In 1898, he
stated the presence of alpha and beta rays in uranium radiation and specified
some of their characteristics. The same year, on Thomson’s reference, he was
accepted for the position of Macdonald Professor of Physics at McGill
University in Montreal, Canada. Two years later in 1900,
he received a D.Sc degree from the University of New Zealand.
§ In 1907, he
returned to England to become the Langworthy Professor of Physics at the
University of Manchester. During World War I, he worked on a classified project
of submarine detection by sonar.
§ In 1909, in
collaboration with Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, Ernest Rutherford conducted
the Geiger–Marsden experiment, which established the nuclear nature of atoms by
deflecting alpha particles passing through a thin gold foil.
§ In 1919, he
succeeded Sir Joseph Thomson as the Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge.
He also eventually became Chairman of the Advisory Council, H.M. Government,
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research; Professor of Natural
Philosophy, Royal Institution, London; and Director of the Royal Society Mond
Laboratory, Cambridge.
§ In 1919, he
also became the first person to transform one element into another. In the
experiment, he used alpha radiation to convert nitrogen into oxygen. In the
products of the reaction, he observed and brought forth a new particle called
proton in 1920.
§ He also named
the particle neutron during the Bakerian Lecture of 1920 and the following
year, he theorized its existence in association with Niels Bohr. Years later in
1932, the theory was proved right by his associate James Chadwick, who received
the Nobel Prize in Physics (1935) for this breakthrough.
§ Apart from
Chadwick, he also guided other scientists like Blackett, Cockcroft and Walton
to their Nobel Prize win; Nobel laureates like G.P. Thomson, Appleton, Powell,
and Aston researched with him for some time.
§ In 1925, he
urged the Government of New Zealand to support education and research; this
resulted in the formation of the Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research (DSIR) in 1926.
§ Between 1925
and 1930, he was the President of the Royal Society, and later President of the
Academic Assistance Council which assisted nearly 1,000 university refugees
from Germany.
Major Works
§ Ernest
Rutherford is known as the father of nuclear physics. His own researches and
work done by his associates and students under his supervision, established the
nuclear structure of the atom and the characteristics of radioactive decay as a
nuclear process.
§ While at
Cambridge, he worked with J. J. Thomson on the conductive effects of X-rays on
gases. This led to the discovery of the electron which Thomson presented to the
world in 1897.
§ While exploring
uranium’s radioactivity, he discovered two distinct types of radiations that
differed from X-rays in their penetrating power. He named themAlpha ray and
Beta ray in 1899.
§ In 1903, he
considered a type of radiation discovered previously by a French chemist, Paul
Villard. It had a much greater penetration power and he named it the Gamma ray.
All three names of the radiations – Alpha, Beta, and Gamma are still in common
use to this day.
§ In 1919, he
became the first person to transform one element into another. This was
achieved through an experimentation wherein alpha radiation was used to convert
nitrogen into oxygen. As a result of the reaction, proton was discovered in
1920.
§ He published
several successful books like ‘Radioactivity’ (1904); ‘Radioactive
Transformations’ (1906); ‘Radiation from Radioactive Substances’, with James
Chadwick and C.D. Ellis (1919, 1930); and ‘The Electrical Structure of Matter’
(1926).
Awards & Achievements
§ The Nobel Prize
in Chemistry 1908 was awarded to Ernest Rutherford “for his investigations into
the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive
substances”.
§ He was knighted
in 1914; in 1925, he was admitted to the Order of Merit and in 1931, he was
raised to First Baron Rutherford of Nelson, New Zealand, and Cambridge.
§ He was elected
Fellow of the Royal Society in 1903 and was its President from 1925 to 1930.
§ Amongst other
honours, he received the Rumford Medal (1905), the Hector Memorial Medal (1916)
and the Copley Medal (1922). He also received the Bressa Prize of the Turin
Academy of Science (1910), the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts
(1928), the Faraday Medal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (1930), and
the T. K. Sidey Medal of the Royal Society of New Zealand (1933).
§ He received
honorary doctorates from the Universities of Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, McGill,
Birmingham, Edinburgh, Melbourne, Yale, Glasgow, Giessen, Copenhagen,
Cambridge, Dublin, Durham, Oxford, Liverpool, Toronto, Bristol, Cape Town,
London and Leeds.
Personal Life
& Legacy
§ In 1900,
Rutherford married Mary Georgina Newton, only daughter of Arthur and Mary de
Renzy Newton. The couple had a daughter, Eileen Mary who married British
physicist and astronomer, Ralph Fowler.
§ His favourite
hobbies were golf and motoring.
§ He died after
suffering from strangulated hernia on 19 October 1937, at the age of 66. He was
interred at Westminster Abbey, near Isaac Newton and Lord Kelvin.
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