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Deng Xiaoping
Remembered as the Paramount Leader of People’s
Republic of China, Deng Xiaoping was a prominent politician and reformist who
led the country to domestic stability and economic growth after the disastrous
excesses of the Cultural Revolution. Though he never acquired office as the head
of state, head of government or General Secretary of the Communist Party of
China, he nevertheless exerted extreme influence and guidance. During his rule
which stretched from 1978 until 1992, he brought about many significant
changes. It was under his leadership that the country progressed socially,
economically and culturally. Under his leadership, he raised the standard of
living of people and expanded their cultural and personal freedom. He dominated
the department of foreign ministry and expanded ties of China with the Western
countries. By far, he is credited with developing China into one of the fastest
growing economies in the world for over 30 years and raising the standard of
living of hundreds of millions of Chinese. However, it may be interesting to
note that this prolific politician, leader and reformist had a humble beginning
too. To know more about his life and profile, read on.
Childhood & Early
Life
· Deng Xiaoping was born in a Hakka Han family
to Deng Wenming and Dan. He had six siblings. His father was a middle class
landowner, while his mother passed away when he was very young.
· Academically, he graduated from Chongqing
Preparatory School in 1919. Thereafter, he along with 80 other fellow students
participated in the Mouvement Travail-Etudes, which was a work-study program in
France.
· In France, he studied little and primarily
focused on work. He took up various odd jobs during his stay, and apprenticed
himself to be a skilled fitter.
· A chance meeting with Zhou Enlai changed the course
of his life as he started taking interest in Marxism and began to show interest
in political work. In 1920, he joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in
Europe.
· By 1924, he joined the Chinese Communist Party
and became one of the crucial members of the General Branch of the Youth
League. Two years later,
he moved to Soviet Union to enrol himself at the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University.
Career
§ Upon returning to China in 1927, he joined the
army of Feng Yuxiang and unsuccessfully attempted to prevent the split between
the nationalists and communists. The eventual divide and changeover in the
ideology of Yuxiang resulted in him fleeing first to Wuhan.
§ At Wuhan, he became one of the leading and
most prominent politicians. He then moved to Shanghai where he stayed until
1929. He was in charge of organizing protests, which caused severe causalities
in the Communist group. A decreasing number in the group helped him rise up the
ranks.
§ He was soon absorbed under the leadership of
Mao Zedong, a Communist leader, who had a profound influence on him. He rose up
the ranks to become the party director of the propaganda department.
§ Mao Zedong established a semblance of
communist rule in Jiangxi province and renamed it Jiangxi Soviet. It had its
own stamp and paper money under the name, Soviet Republic of China.
§ Republic of China attacked the Jiangxi Soviet
in 1934 which resulted in the Long March from Jiangxi through the interiors of
China to a new base in northwestern China.
§ To amend ties with the Kuomintang, Deng moved
to Chongquing to offer negotiations between the nationalists and the communist
but in vain. While Chiang Kai-shek established his government in Nanjing, Deng
strengthened his base in rural area and steadily increased the Communist
territory.
§ The Communist party, under Mao’s guidance and
Deng’s governance defeated Chiang Kek-Shek to establish the People’s Republic
of China.
§ He was appointed as the first secretary of the
Department of Southwest on October 1, 1949. His profile included managing the
final takeover of the parts of the country which were still ruled by the
Kuomintang regime.
§ Slowly and steadily, he won over major
Kuomintang dominated areas including Chongqing and Chengdu. After the
acquisition, he took on the role of a Mayor of Chongqing. Additionally, he
served as the leader of the Communist Party in the southwest.
§ In 1952, he relocated to Beijing, where he
took up various positions in the central government. In four years, he became Secretary General of the CPC
Central Committee, Head of the Organization Department and Vice Chairman of the
Central Military Commission.
§ Year 1957 saw his appointment as the Secretary
General of the Secretariat. His total support for the Communist wing somewhat
dwindled after the economic failure in the Great Leap Forward.
§ Though he supported Mao in mass campaigns, the
economic management of Mao seemed questionable. As such, he was thought of as
the ideological figurehead and retained his position as the leader of the party
and army, giving the presidency to Liu Shaoqi.
§ Along with Shaoqi, he made major political,
foreign, economic and domestic policies that did not go very well with Mao’s
egalitarian policies as they stressed on individual self-interest. He stressed
on using material incentives and formation of skilled technical and managerial
elites for economic development.
§ The drift from the arch-typical leftist
sentiments towards somewhat rightist policies resulted in a clash between him
and Mao who ordered the exit of him and Shaoqi from Communist party and labelled
the two as right-wing capitalist. He was attacked during the Cultural
Revolution and stripped off his governmental post.
§ After a couple of years of hiatus, he was
became vice-chairman of the party’s Central Committee in 1975. However, he was
soon dropped and regained the position only in 1977. Meanwhile, Mao had died in
1976 and his position had been filled up by Hua Guofeng.
§ Deng mobilized his supporters within the
party, and outmaneuvered Hua Guofeng from top leadership positions by 1980.
Zhao Ziyang became premier of the government, and Hu Yaobang became party chief
while Deng assumed the position of “paramount leader” of the communist party.
At this powerful position, he brought about several reforms pertaining to
political, cultural, social and economic development.
§ All his reforms stressed on individual
responsibility and material incentive. He urged the formation of skilled labor
and technicians who helped hasten China’s growth and development.
§ He decentralized several industries and small
scale works to achieve efficient economic growth. Farmers were given individual
control to production and profit, a move that brought about a significant
increase in the production.
§ In terms of foreign policies, he strengthened
the country’s trade and cultural ties with the West and opened up Chinese
enterprises to foreign investment.
§ His era of dominance ended when he stepped
down from CCP’s Central Committee. Furthermore, he also gave up his seat on the
Political Bureau and its dominant Standing Committee. He withdrew himself from
the political scene in 1992.
Personal Life & Legacy
§ He married thrice in his lifetime. The first
was to Zhang Xiyuan. She died in labor while giving birth to their first child
who died as well. He married Jin Weiying who abandoned him in 1933. He married
Zhuo Lin in 1939. Together they had five children.
§ He breathed his last on February 19, 1997,
after suffering from lung infection and Parkinson’s disease. His organs were
donated for medical research.
§ Several memorials and statues were constructed
to commemorate and honor the offerings of him during his political pursuits.
Trivia
§ He never held office
as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary of the Communist
Party of China but is still regarded as the Paramount Leader who helped China
progress socially, economically and culturally.
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