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Homi Bhabha
The man who
pioneered the Indian nuclear research programme, Homi Jahangir Bhabha was a
nuclear physicist who laid the foundation for nuclear research in India. Often
hailed as the “father of Indian nuclear programme’, Bhabha was not only a
scientist, but also a visionary and an institution builder. From childhood, he
was an intelligent and hard working student and his parents dreamed of him
becoming a mechanical engineer. However, young Bhabha’s interest laid in
studying physics and not in becoming an engineer. Yet he honored his parents’
wish and completed his degree in mechanical engineering. His parents too
respected their son’s true interest and supported him in his pursuit of
scientific research. Bhabha studied in Europe where he became acquainted with
many great physicists of his time, and was determined to contribute to India’s
scientific research upon his return. He had very ambitious plans and upon
returning to his home country, he set about establishing the Cosmic Ray Research
Unit. He helped to formulate India’s strategy in the field of nuclear power for
which he is fondly remembered as the father of Indian nuclear power. The great
scientist’s brilliant career was cut short by a plane crash which claimed his
life.
Childhood & Early Life
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· He was born
into the home of a well known Parsi lawyer Jehangir Hormusji Bhabha and his
wife Meheren. His family was very wealthy and prominent, and he was related to
Dorabji Tata.
· After receiving
his primary education at Bombay’s Cathedral and John Connon School, he went to
Elphinstone College. Then he studied at the Royal Institute of Science till
1927.
· His parents and
uncle Dorab Tata wanted the brilliant young Homi to study mechanical
engineering from Cambridge University so that he could join Tata Steel Mills
upon his return to India.
· Homi went to
Cambridge University where he began studying mechanical engineering. But he
realized that his true calling wasn’t engineering but the pursuit of science.
He told his parents of this issue.
· His father, a
considerate person, promised to finance Homi’s further studies in science
provided he completed his mechanical engineering in first class. He passed the
mechanical engineering exam in 1930 with first class.
· Keeping up with
his promise, his father let him continue his studies. Homi studied mathematics
under Paul Dirac and later worked towards his doctorate in theoretical physics.
· In 1933, he
received his doctorate in nuclear physics and published his first scientific
paper, ‘The Absorption of Cosmic radiation’ which helped him win the Isaac
Newton Studentship in 1934 which he held for the next three years.
· During the
1930s, nuclear physics was an emerging field that often set off hot debates in
the scientific community. Several breakthroughs were taking place in this field
and Homi Bhabha was deeply drawn to research in this field.
Career
§ During his
studentship, he also worked with Niels Bohr in Copenhagen along with his
research work at Cambridge. He published a paper in the ‘Proceedings of the Royal
Society, Series A’, in 1935 in which he gave the calculation to determine the
cross section of electron-positron scattering.
§ Along with
Niels Bohr he published a paper, ‘The Passage of Fast Electrons and the Theory
of Cosmic Showers’ in 1936 in which they described how primary cosmic rays from
outer space interact with the upper atmosphere.
§ For his work
Bhabha was awarded the Senior Studentship in 1937 which helped him continue his
work at Cambridge. In 1939 he went to India for a brief vacation when the World
War II broke out and this prevented him from returning to Cambridge.
§ He accepted a
position in the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, as a Reader in the
Department of Physics which was then headed by the eminent physicist,
C.V.Raman.
§ In 1944, Bhabha
felt that India needed laboratories and facilities to conduct research in
nuclear science. Thus he decided to solicit the support of the visionary and
industrialist, Dorabji Jamsetji Tata
§ The Tata Trust
accepted his proposal and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research was
established in 1945 in Bombay which had the facilities for conducting large
scale research in physics, chemistry, electronics and mathematics.
§ He also played
a key role in the formation of Atomic Energy Commission in 1948 and the
Department of Atomic Energy in 1954. A visionary, he had realized the
importance of nuclear research programme way back in the 1940s when India was
still under British rule!
§ He envisioned a
three stage nuclear programme consisting of utilization of natural uranium,
thorium and plutonium in advanced nuclear reactors with closed full circle.
Because of this, he was called the father of India’s nuclear power programme.
Major Works
§ Hailed as the
father of India’s nuclear power programme, Homi Bhabha was a visionary who
foresaw the need for high quality facilities in the country to conduct research
on nuclear power. He envisioned the three stage nuclear power programme which
focused on extracting power from thorium instead of uranium reserves.
Awards & Achievements
§ In 1954, he was
honored with the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award in India, for
his invaluable contributions to science and engineering.
Personal Life & Legacy
§ Homi Bhabha was
a bachelor, a man who fully devoted his life to science. He was also a painter
who loved classical music and opera.
§ He was abroad
the Air India Flight 101 which crashed near Mont Blanc in the Alps on 24
January, 1966. He died in that plane crash.
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